Embryology (Part 3) Flashcards Preview

Does cranial nerve V₃ provide innervation to region (A), (B), or (C)? Does it provide sensation or taste?

Does cranial nerve VII provide innervation to region (A), (B), or (C)? Does it provide sensation or taste?

Does cranial nerve IX provide innervation to region (A), (B), or (C)? Does it provide sensation or taste?

Does cranial nerve X provide innervation to region (A), (B), or (C)? Does it provide sensation or taste?

The malleus of the ear is formed from what fetal structure?

The incus of the ear is formed from what fetal structure?

The stapes of the ear is formed from what fetal structure?

The tensor tympani muscle in the ear is derived from what fetal structure?

The tensor tympani muscle in the ear is innervated by what nerve?

The stapedius muscle in the ear is derived from what fetal structure?

The stapedius muscle in the ear is innervated by what nerve?

The external auditory meatus is derived from what fetal structure?

The tympanic membrane is derived from what fetal structure?

The eustacian tube, middle ear cavity, and mastoid air cells are derived from what fetal structure?

The anterior two thirds of the tongue are derived from which branchial arch?

Sensation in the anterior two thirds of the tongue is mediated by which cranial nerve?

Taste in the anterior two thirds of the tongue is mediated by which cranial nerve?

The posterior third of the tongue is derived from which branchial arches?

Sensation in the posterior third of the tongue is mediated by which cranial nerve?

Taste in the posterior third of the tongue is mainly mediated by which cranial nerve?

Taste in the extreme posterior of the tongue is mediated by which cranial nerve?

True or False: Taste and sensation in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue are mediated by the same cranial nerve.

Taste in the anterior two thirds of the tongue is mediated by cranial nerve _____, whereas taste in the posterior third of the tongue is mediated by cranial nerve _____.

Sensation in the anterior two thirds of the tongue is mediated by cranial nerve _____, whereas sensation in the posterior third of the tongue is mediated by cranial nerve _____.

Which cranial nerve supplies motor innervation to the tongue?

Which cranial nerves mediate the sense of taste?

Cranial nerves that mediate the sense of taste project to the ______ nucleus.

Which cranial nerves mediate the sense of pain in the tongue?

True or False: The muscles of the tongue are derived from occipital myotomes.

Which cranial nerve mediates taste and sensation in the extreme posterior portion of the tongue?

Which cranial nerve mediates taste and sensation in most of the posterior third of the tongue, except for the extreme posterior portion?

Which cranial nerve mediates taste in the anterior two thirds of the tongue?

Which cranial nerve mediates sensation in the anterior two thirds of the tongue?

True or False: The thyroid gland develops as a diverticulum of the gastrointestinal tract.

What is the name of the structure that connects the thyroid gland with the tongue?

True or False: The thyroglossal duct usually persists into adulthood.

The thyroglossal duct normally disappears during development, but it may persist as the ______ lobe of the thyroid.

What is the name of the normal remnant of the thyroglossal duct?

What is the most common site of ectopic thyroid tissue?

A thyroglossal duct cyst is commonly found and felt where?

What happens to a thyroglossal duct cyst with swallowing?

A persistent cervical sinus, leading to a branchial cyst, is commonly found and felt where?

A branchial cyst is commonly found in the _____ (lateral/midline) neck, while a thyroglossal duct cyst is commonly found in the _____ (lateral/midline) neck.

A _____ cyst is commonly found in the lateral neck, while a _____ cyst is commonly found in the midline neck.

Cleft lip results from the failure of which structures to fuse?

Cleft palate results from failure of which structures to fuse?

Cleft lip is a defect in the formation of the _____ (primary/secondary) palate, and cleft palate is a defect in the formation of the _____ (primary/secondary) palate.

What four structures contribute to the diaphragm?

True or False: The septum transversum contributes to the diaphragm.

True or False: The body wall does not contribute to the formation of the diaphragm.

What nerves innervate the diaphragm?

Does the diaphragm ascend, descend, or form in situ during development?

A neonate has an x-ray of the chest that shows abdominal contents in the chest cavity. This defect is likely the result of the incomplete development of the _____, resulting in a congenital _____ _____.

True or False: A diaphragmatic hernia can lead to hypoplasia of thoracic organs due to space compression.

What does the septum transversum become in the mature diaphragm?

What does the dorsal mesentery become in the mature diaphragm?

Name 3 findings seen with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

In embryologic terms, what part of the gastrointestinal tract is derived from the foregut?

In embryologic terms, what part of the gastrointestinal tract is derived from the midgut?

In embryologic terms, what part of the gastrointestinal tract is derived from the hindgut?

In embryologic terms, from what part of the gastrointestinal tract is the area between the pharynx and the duodenum derived?

In embryologic terms, from what part of the gastrointestinal tract is the area between the duodenum and the transverse colon derived?

In embryologic terms, from what part of the gastrointestinal tract is the area between the distal transverse colon and the rectum derived?

In fetal development, _____ is due to the failure of lateral body folds to fuse and the extrusion of abdominal contents outside the body wall.

True or False: Gastroschisis results in extrusion of abdominal contents though abdominal folds.

True or False: Gastroschisis is a failure of midline fusion.

An _____ is the persistence of herniated abdominal contents into the umbilical cord.

Omphalocele is the persistence of herniated abdominal contents into the _____.

True or False: Tracheoesophageal fistulas are abnormal connections between the esophagus and trachea.

What is the most common subtype of tracheoesophageal fistula?

What are some symptoms seen with the most common subtype of tracheoesophageal fistula?

A newborn is noted to choke and vomit with routine feedings; the mother had polyhydramnios during pregnancy; what is the most likely diagnosis?

In what disease is there hypertrophy of the pylorus?

In congenital pyloric stenosis, hypertrophy of the pylorus leads to what problem?

What are the two classic findings in an infant with congenital pyloric stenosis?

Where is the “olive” mass typically palpated in a patient with congenital pyloric stenosis?

If inspected, the vomit from a patient with congenital pyloric stenosis is noted as lacking what substance?

At about what age do infants with congenital pyloric stenosis typically start projectile vomiting?

What is the treatment for congenital pyloric stenosis?

What is the approximate incidence of congenital pyloric stenosis?

Congenital pyloric stenosis often occurs in what demographic group?

Is the pancreas derived from the foregut, the midgut, or the hindgut?

Is the head of the pancreas derived from the ventral or dorsal pancreatic bud?

Is the main duct of the pancreas derived from the ventral or dorsal pancreatic bud?

Is the body of the pancreas derived from the ventral or dorsal pancreatic bud?

Is the tail of the pancreas derived from the ventral or dorsal pancreatic bud?

Is the accessory pancreatic duct derived from the ventral or dorsal pancreatic bud?

The head of the pancreas is derived from the _____ (ventral/dorsal) pancreatic bud, the body is derived from the _____ (ventral/dorsal) pancreatic bud, and the tail is derived from the _____ (ventral/dorsal) pancreatic bud.

The main pancreatic duct is derived from the _____ (ventral/dorsal) pancreatic bud, whereas the accessory pancreatic duct is derived from the _____ (ventral/dorsal) pancreatic bud.

True or False: The spleen arises as a diverticulum off of the gastrointestinal tract.

True or False: The spleen receives its blood supply from the foregut, although it is not derived from the foregut.

A patient has a congenital malformation of the pancreas in which the ventral bud abnormally encircles the second part of the duodenum and forms a ring of tissue; what is the name of this abnormality?

An annular pancreas may lead to the narrowing of what structure?

What portion of the duodenum is affected by an annular pancreas?

With regard to the embryologic development of the kidney, when does the pronephros develop?

After week 4, what happens to the pronephros?

During which trimester of fetal development does the mesonephros arise?

What fetal structure functions as the interim kidney for the first trimester?

Of the following fetal structures, which ultimately contributes to the male genital system: the pronephros, mesonephros, or metanephros?

The _____ develops into the bladder, urethra, and allantois.

The urogenital sinus develops into what three structures?

Which of the three fetal kidney structures develops into the adult kidney?

From what part of the developing kidney is the ureteric bud derived?

What adult structures in the urinary tract are derived from the mesonephros?

What adult structures in the urinary tract are derived from the metanephros?

What syndrome results from bilateral renal agenesis?

In Potter’s syndrome, what pathophysiologic consequence of bilateral renal agenesis leads to the hallmark features of limb deformities, facial deformities, and pulmonary hypoplasia?

What embryonic structure is malformed in patients with Potter’s syndrome?

What is the name of the anatomic abnormality resulting from the fusion of the inferior poles of the kidneys?

Horseshoe kidneys remain low in the abdomen because, during fetal development, they get trapped under the what artery?

Are horseshoe kidneys formed by the fusion of the two kidneys’ inferior or superior poles?

During the embryologic development of the renal system, do the kidneys ascend or descend in the abdomen?

True or False: A horseshoe kidney functions normally.

The mesonephric duct is also known as what?

What four structures are derived from the mesonephric duct?

The paramesonephric duct is also known as what?

What three structures are derived from the paramesonephric duct?

What hormone inhibits the development of the paramesonephric duct in males?

What class of hormones promotes the development of the mesonephric ducts in males?

Is male or female development the default fetal development?

In female development, the _____ duct degenerates and the _____ duct develops.

In male development, the _____ gene on the _____ chromosome codes for testis-determining factor.

In male development, the mesonephric duct develops into all genitourinary internal structures except the _____.

Which embryologic structure of the genitals degenerates in the female?

Which cells produce müllerian-inhibiting substance in males?

Which cells produce the androgens that promote development of the mesonephric ducts?

What structure becomes the lower two-thirds of the vagina?

What is the name of the congenital pathology that is associated with incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts?

What are 2 complications associated with a bicornuate uterus?

True or False: Bicornuate uterus results from incomplete fusion of the mesonephric ducts.

The genital tubercle forms what two structures under the influence of dihydrotestosterone?

The genital tubercle forms what two structures under the influence of estrogen?

The urogenital sinus forms what two structures under the influence of dihydrotestosterone in the male embryo?

Embryologically, the urogenital sinus forms what two structures under the influence of estrogen in the female embryo?

Embryologically, the urogenital folds develop into what structure under the influence of dihydrotestosterone in the male embryo?

Embryologically, he urogenital folds develop into what structure under the influence of estrogen in the female embryo?

Embryologically, the labioscrotal swelling develops into what structure under the influence of dihydrotestosterone in the male embryo?

Embryologically, the labioscrotal swelling develops into what structure under the influence of estrogen in the female embryo?

Embryologically, the genital tubercle develops into what structure in the male and what structure in the female?

Embryologically, the urogenital folds develop into what structure in the male and what structure in the female?

Embryologically, the labioscrotal swellings develop into what structure in the male and what structure in the female

What condition results from an abnormal opening of the penile urethra on the inferior (ventral) side of the penis as a result of the failure of urethral folds to close?

What condition results from an abnormal opening of the penile urethra on the superior (dorsal) side of the penis as a result of the faulty positioning of the genital tubercle?

What common complication is prevented by fixing hypospadias?

Which is a more common congenital penile abnormality: epispadias or hypospadias?

Which is associated with exstrophy of the bladder: epispadias or hypospadias?

Which congenital penile abnormality is associated with failure of the urethral folds to close?

Which congenital penile abnormality is associated with faulty positioning of the genital tubercle?