Embryology (Part 2) Flashcards Preview

Embryologically, the left sixth aortic arch gives rise to which two structures (C)?

Embryologically, which aortic arch gives rise to the blood vessels (A)? Name these vessels.

During fetal erythropoiesis, when does the yolk sac produce fetal RBCs?

During fetal erythropoiesis, when does the liver produce fetal RBCs?

During fetal erythropoiesis, when does the spleen produce fetal RBCs?

During fetal erythropoiesis, when does the bone marrow start producing fetal RBCs?

During fetal erythropoiesis, what is the first location to produce fetal RBCs during development?

Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in what organs during development?

What is the order in which organs become the primary site of fetal erythropoiesis?

What is the composition of fetal hemoglobin?

What is the composition of adult hemoglobin?

Fetal hemoglobin and adult hemoglobin share the same ____ chains. However, they differ in that fetal hemoglobin contains ____ chains, whereas adult hemoglobin contains ____ chains.

What is the approximate oxygen saturation in the umbilical vein?

Name the three important shunts in the fetal circulation.

What structure shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium in the fetal circulation?

What structure shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta in the fetal circulation?

What structure connects the umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava in the fetal circulation?

Well-oxygenated blood from the inferior vena cava mainly passes through which shunt to reach the brain of the fetus?

Less-oxygenated blood from the superior vena cava mainly passes through which shunt to reach the lower limbs of the fetus?

The _____ shunts well-oxygenated blood from the placenta to the IVC to bypass the _____ in the fetus.

During fetal life, is the pressure in the right atrium or the left atrium higher?

At birth, after the neonate takes a breath, is the pressure in the right atrium or the left atrium higher?

With an infant’s first breath, the resistance in the pulmonary vasculature _____ (increases/decreases), which causes ______ (increased/decreased) left atrial pressure as compared with the right side. This change in the pressure gradient causes the closure of the ______.

After a neonate has started breathing, the oxygen saturation in the blood ______ (increases/decreases), thereby leading to a(n) ______ (increase/decrease) in the synthesis of prostaglandins, which is responsible for the closure of the ______.

The _____ closes in response to alterations in the pressure gradient across the atria, whereas the _____ closes in response to decreased prostaglandin synthesis.

What is the drug of choice to constrict the ductus arteriosus in an infant with patent ductus arteriosus?

Certain drugs can be given to the newborn that affect the patency of the ductus arteriosus. The drug ______ can close the ductus arteriosus. By contrast, ______ can keep the ductus arteriosus open.

The umbilical vein in the fetus becomes what structure in the adult?

The ligamentum teres hepatis is contained in what structure in the adult?

The umbilical arteries in the fetus become what structures in the adult?

The ductus arteriosus in the fetus becomes what structure in the adult?

The ductus venosus in the fetus becomes what structure in the adult?

The foramen ovale in the fetus becomes what structure in the adult?

The allantois (urachus) in the fetus becomes what structure in the adult?

The notochord in the fetus becomes what structure in the adult?

The ligamentum teres hepatis is a remnant of what structure in the fetus?

The medial umbilical ligaments are remnants of what structures in the fetus?

The ligamentum arteriosum is a remnant of what structure in the fetus?

The ligamentum venosum is a remnant of what structure in the fetus?

The fossa ovalis is a remnant of what structure in the fetus?

The median umbilical ligament is a remnant of what structure in the fetus?

The nucleus pulposus found in intervertebral disks is derived from what fetal structure?

The medial umbilical ligament is derived from the _____, whereas the median umbilical ligament is derived from the _____.

A urachal cyst or sinus is a remnant of what structure?

What is the name for the part of the allantoic duct that runs between the bladder and umbilicus?

The urachus connects the _____ to the ______.

Embryologically, the first aortic arch gives rise to part of what artery?

Embryologically, the second aortic arch gives rise to what two arteries?

Embryologically, the third aortic arch gives rise to which two arteries?

Embryologically, the fourth aortic arch on the left gives rise to what structure?

Embryologically, the fourth aortic arch on the right gives rise to what structure?

Embryologically, what does the fifth aortic arch give rise to?

Embryologically, the sixth aortic arch gives rise to part of what structure on both the right and the left?

Embryologically, the sixth aortic arch gives rise to part of the pulmonary artery, as well as what structure on the left side?

Embryologically, the fourth aortic arch gives rise to the _____ on the left and the _____ on the right.

What are the adult derivatives of the telencephalon in the developing brain?

What are the adult derivatives of the diencephalon in the developing brain?

What is the adult derivative of the mesencephalon in the developing brain?

What are the adult derivatives of the metencephalon in the developing brain?

What is the adult derivative of the myelencephalon in the developing brain?

What adult structure is derived from the cavity in the embryonic mesencephalon?

What adult structure is derived from the cavity in the embryonic metencephalon and myelencephalon?

Neural tube defects are associated with low intake of what substance during pregnancy?

Neural tube defects are associated with elevated levels of what substance in amniotic fluid and maternal serum?

In the fetus, the failure of the bony spinal canal to close (without structural herniation) will result in what type of neural tube defect?

A _____ is characterized by the meninges herniating through a spinal canal defect.

A _____ is characterized by the meninges and spinal cord herniating though a spinal canal defect.

Identify the three types of spinal neural tube defects.

What is the most common location of spina bifida occulta?

True or False: In spina bifida occulta, the dura mater is malformed.

What is the term for a malformation of the anterior neural tube, causing no brain or calvarium?

Anencephaly is characterized by malformation of the _____ (anterior/posterior) end of the neural tube.

In anencephaly, the α-fetoprotein level is typically _____ (decreased/increased).

What happens to the amniotic fluid if the fetus has anencephaly?

What is the term for decreased separation of the cerebral hemispheres across the midline in a fetus?

An infant has cyclopia; what neural defect are you worried about?

Name 2 syndromes associated with holoprosencephaly.

Chiari type II malformation is associated with what type of herniation?

What CSF abnormality results when the cerebellar tonsils herniate through the foramen magnum in a Chiari II malformation?

A patient presents with syringomyelia, throacolumbar myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus; what syndrome do you suspect?

What type of posterior fossa malformation is associated with a large posterior fossa and an absent cerebellum with a cyst in its place?

True or False: A Dandy-Walker malformation is a posterior fossa malformation associated with a large cyst compressing the cerebellum against the bones of the posterior fossa.

An MRI of the cervical spine shows an enlargement of the central canal of the spinal cord; what is the term for this lesion?

A patient has syringomyelia; which neuronal fibers in the spinal cord are damaged?

You are seeing a patient who has a loss of pain and temperature sensation in the hands, but touch is intact; where is the lesion?

What malformation of the calvarium is commonly associated with syringomyelia?

True or False: Syringomyelia typically presents with unilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation.

Embryologically, what are the three components of the branchial apparatus (also called the pharyngeal apparatus)?

Embryologically, branchial clefts are derived from what primary germ layer?

Embryologically, branchial arches are derived from what primary germ layer and what cell type?

Which components of the branchial arch are derived from mesoderm?

Which components of the branchial arch are derived from neural crest cells?

Embryologically, branchial pouches are derived from what primary germ layer?

What is the other name for the branchial apparatus in a developing embryo?

What is the other name for branchial clefts in a developing embryo?

What is the order of branchial apparatus components, from outside to inside?

Embryologically, branchial arch 1 derivatives are supplied by which two cranial nerves?

Embryologically, cranial nerves V₂ and V₃ supply the derivatives of which branchial arch?

Branchial arch 2 derivatives are supplied by which cranial nerve?

Embryologically, cranial nerve VII supplies the derivatives of which branchial arch?

Branchial arch 3 derivatives are supplied by which cranial nerve?

Embryologically, cranial nerve IX supplies the derivatives of which branchial arch?

Embryologically, branchial arches 4 and 6 derivatives are supplied by which cranial nerve?

Embryologically, cranial nerve X supplies the derivatives of which branchial arches?

Branchial arch 1 is the origin of muscles involved in what action?

Branchial arch 2 is the origin of muscles that perform which actions?

Branchial arch 4 is the origin for muscles that perform which action? Arch 6?

Which four cranial nerves are the only ones with both sensory and motor components?

Embryologically, the mandible is derived from which branchial arch?

Embryologically, the malleus is derived from which branchial arch?

Embryologically, the incus is derived from which branchial arch?

Embryologically, the sphenomandibular ligament is derived from which branchial arch?

Embryologically, the muscles of mastication (the temporalis, the masseter, and the medial and lateral pterygoids) are derived from which branchial arch?

Embryologically, the mylohyoid is derived from which branchial arch?

Embryologically, the anterior belly of the digastric muscle is derived from which branchial arch?

Embryologically, the tensor tympani is derived from which branchial arch?

Embryologically, the tensor veli palatini is derived from which branchial arch?

Embryologically, the anterior two thirds of the tongue are derived from which branchial arch?

Embryologically, the cartilaginous derivatives of branchial arch 1 in the embryo are called what?

What syndrome occurs when neural crest cells in the first branchial arch fail to migrate, causing mandibular hypoplasia and facial abnormalities?

Embryologically, branchial arch 1 gives rise to which two cranial nerves?

Which bones are derived from the first branchial arch?

Which muscles are derived from the first branchial arch?

Which ligament is derived from the first branchial arch?

Embryologically, the cartilaginous derivatives from branchial arch 2 are called what?

Embryologically, the stapes is derived from which branchial arch?

Embryologically, the styloid process is derived from which branchial arch?

Embryologically, the lesser horn of the hyoid is derived from which branchial arch?

Embryologically, the stylohyoid ligament is derived from which branchial arch?

Embryologically, the muscles of facial expression are derived from which branchial arch?

Embryologically, the stapedius is derived from which branchial arch?

In the embryo, the posterior belly of the digastric muscle is derived from which branchial arch?

Embryologically, the stylohyoid is derived from which branchial arch?

Which bones are derived from the second branchial arch?

Which muscles are derived from the second branchial arch?

Which ligament is derived from the second branchial arch?

Embryologically, branchial arch 2 gives rise to which cranial nerve?

Embryologically, the malleus is derived from branchial arch _____, the incus is derived from branchial arch _____, and the stapes is derived from branchial arch _____.

Embryologically, the stylohyoid ligament is derived from branchial arch _____, whereas the sphenomandibular ligament is derived from branchial arch _____.

The muscles of facial expression are derived from branchial arch _____, whereas the muscles of mastication are derived from branchial arch _____.

Embryologically, the anterior belly of the digastric is derived from branchial arch ____, and the posterior belly of the digastric muscle is derived from branchial arch ____.

Embryologically, the stapedius is derived from branchial arch ____, and the tensor tympani is derived from branchial arch ____.

Embryologically, the greater horn of the hyoid is derived from which branchial arch?

Embryologically, the stylopharyngeus muscle is derived from which branchial arch?

Embryologically, branchial arch 3 gives rise to which cranial nerve?

Embryologically, the greater horn of the hyoid is derived from branchial arch _____, and the lesser horn of the hyoid is derived from branchial arch _____.

Embryologically, the stylohyoid muscle is derived from branchial arch ____, whereas the stylopharyngeus muscle is derived from branchial arch ____.

What is the embryonic origin of a congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula?

Embryologically, thyroid cartilage is derived from which branchial arches?

Embryologically, cricoid cartilage is derived from which branchial arches?

Embryologically, the arytenoids are derived from which branchial arches?

Embryologically, the corniculate and cuneiform cartilages are derived from which branchial arches?

Which cartilages are derived from the fourth and sixth branchial arches?

Embryologically, most pharyngeal constrictor muscles are derived from what branchial arch?

Embryologically, the cricothyroid muscle is derived from what branchial arch?

Embryologically, the levator veli palatini is derived from what branchial arch?

Which muscles are derived from the fourth branchial arch?

Embryologically, all intrinsic muscles of the larynx (except the cricothyroid) are derived from what branchial arch?

Which muscles are derived from the sixth branchial arch?

Embryologically, branchial arch 4 gives rise to which laryngeal branch of which cranial nerve?

Embryologically, branchial arch 6 gives rise to which branch of cranial nerve X?

Embryologically, most intrinsic muscles of the larynx are derived from branchial arch _____, except for the cricothyroid, which is derived from branchial arch _____.

Embryologically, the levator veli palatini is derived from branchial arch _____, whereas the tensor veli palatini is derived from branchial arch _____.

Embryologically, the superior laryngeal nerve is derived from branchial arch _____, whereas the recurrent laryngeal branch is derived from branchial arch _____.

Embryologically, the posterior third of the tongue is derived from which branchial arches?

True or False: Embryologically, branchial arch 5 makes no major contribution to any structure.

Embryologically, the anterior two thirds of the tongue are derived from branchial arch _____, whereas the posterior third is derived from branchial arches _____ and _____.

What structure is derived from the first branchial cleft?

The external auditory meatus is derived from what branchial structure?

Branchial clefts 2 through 4 develop into ______ ______, which are temporary.

True or False: Derivatives of the second through fourth branchial clefts are present in the adult.

On imaging, where would you expect to find a persistent cervical sinus?

Embryologically, the middle ear cavity is derived from which branchial pouch?

Embryologically, the Eustachian tube is derived from which branchial pouch?

Embryologically, the mastoid air cells are derived from which branchial pouch?

What are the derivatives of the first branchial pouch?

Embryologically, the first branchial pouch contributes to structures that are lined by which germ cell layer?

Embryologically, the epithelial lining of the palatine tonsils are derived from which branchial pouch?

What are the derivatives of the second branchial pouch?

Embryologically, the inferior parathyroid glands are derived from which branchial pouch?

Embryologically, the thymus is derived from which branchial pouch?

Embryologically, the superior parathyroid glands are derived from which branchial pouch?

Embryologically, the superior parathyroid glands are derived from branchial pouch _____, and the inferior parathyroid glands are derived from branchial pouch _____.

Embryologically, which three structures are derived from the third branchial pouch?

Embryologically, aberrant development of branchial pouches 3 and 4 leads to what syndrome?

Embryologically, DiGeorge syndrome involves aberrant fetal development of the ______, which leads to T-lymphocyte deficiency, and of the ______ _____, which leads to hypocalcemia.